Miru System: A major shift in voting technology awaits 2025 elections
Provided by INQUIRER.net.
MANILA, Philippines — As the 2025 midterm elections approach, a major change is on the horizon for the country’s election system.
The Commission on Elections (Comelec) has decided to move away from the traditional Vote-Counting Machines (VCMs) that have been in use since 2010, replacing them with new Automated Counting Machines (ACMs) from South Korea’s Miru Systems Co. Ltd.
The shift aims to improve the efficiency and accuracy of vote counting, addressing long-standing concerns over the reliability and security of the electoral process.
While the Philippines has previously transitioned to automated systems with the introduction of Smartmatic's VCMs over a decade ago, this latest change represents a departure from the established system, sparking both optimism and skepticism.
Proponents view the move as a step toward modernizing the elections and restoring public trust, but critics remain wary, raising concerns about the readiness of the new machines and the potential challenges that may arise on election day.
Common electronic voting, counting technologies
Around the world, two main types of electronic voting and counting systems are commonly used: Direct Recording Electronic (DRE) and Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) systems.
The DRE system, also known as electronic voting machines (EVMs), allows voters to cast their ballots using devices like touch screens, keyboards, or pens. These machines are generally found in polling stations, where votes are recorded electronically.
After voting, the results can be transmitted electronically—through the Internet or cellular networks—or manually by printing them. Some DRE systems include a voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT), which provides a paper receipt for voters to confirm their choices.
According to the National Democratic Institute (NDI), systems with a VVPAT are considered more transparent because they allow for audits or recounts. In contrast, DRE systems without paper trails are often criticized for lacking sufficient verification, raising concerns about the accuracy of vote counting.
Although DRE systems are more complex and can be harder to maintain, they are often preferred in elections with complicated ballots, as they help reduce human error that can occur in traditional paper voting.
The OMR system, on the other hand, combines the traditional paper ballot with electronic vote counting.
Voters mark their choices on special machine-readable paper ballots using a pen or pencil, and these ballots are then scanned by OMR machines that tally the votes based on the markings. The counting can be done either at the polling station, where voters feed their ballots into the machine, or at a central location where ballots from several stations are processed together.
OMR systems are generally more affordable and easier to maintain than DRE systems, but their accuracy can be impacted by factors like the design of the ballot, ink quality, and paper type. However, OMR systems make recounts easier, as they rely on physical paper ballots.
Like DRE systems, OMR systems are always used in supervised, non-remote locations to ensure the process remains accurate.
In the Philippines, Smartmatic’s VCMs, which have been in use in previous elections, are based on the DRE system. Voters mark their ballots, which are then scanned and electronically recorded. Results are transmitted digitally, and in some cases, a paper receipt (VVPAT) is provided to help voters confirm their choices.
For the coming 2025 elections, Comelec is moving to a hybrid system with Miru’s ACMs. This new system integrates both DRE and OMR technologies, offering a blend of advanced electronic counting and paper-based verification.
By incorporating the strengths of both systems, the poll body hopes to address past challenges and ensure a smoother, more transparent electoral process.
Promise of enhanced automation
Miru’s ACMs introduce a range of improvements over the Smartmatic VCMs. By integrating key features from both DRE and OMR systems, these new machines aim to enhance efficiency, accuracy, and transparency in the voting process.
- Enhanced ballot processing speed
One of the most notable upgrades in the new ACMs is their ability to process ballots at a speed of 220 millimeters per second — more than three times the 70 mm per second rate of the older VCMs.
This significant boost in efficiency is expected to shorten wait times at polling stations and accelerate the overall vote-counting process, leading to quicker election results.
- Streamlined, more accurate ballot handling
The ACMs also introduce automatic ballot feeding, eliminating the need for voters to carefully align their ballots before inserting them into the machine.
With the previous VCMs, improperly placed ballots often led to scanning errors or rejections, causing delays. The new machines, however, automatically adjust and scan ballots upon insertion, reducing errors and ensuring a smoother voting experience.
Additionally, the ACMs use 70 mm thick ballot paper instead of the 162 grams per square meter (GSM) paper used in previous elections. This thinner yet durable ballot type is designed to prevent ink bleed-through while ensuring compatibility with the new machines.
- Enhanced transparency and voter verification
A standout feature of the ACMs is their large 12-inch display, which shows a scanned image of the ballot once it has been inserted. This feature allows voters, election staff, and poll watchers to visually verify that the system has correctly captured the votes.
The voter receipts printed by the ACMs also now include QR codes, replacing the plain-text receipts used in previous elections. These QR codes serve as an additional security feature, as the ACMs are equipped with built-in scanners that can verify them, ensuring that the printed results match the electronically recorded votes.
However, to prevent unauthorized digital documentation, Comelec has strictly prohibited voters from taking photos of the QR codes on their receipts.
- Built-in ballot boxes
Unlike the older system, where voter receipts were placed in separate ballot boxes, the ACMs come with built-in compartments for storing these receipts. This enhancement improves organization and enhances the security of election materials.
- Touchscreen voting for overseas voters
For the 2025 elections, the ACMs will feature touchscreen voting for Filipinos in select overseas polling centers. This allows voters abroad to cast their ballots digitally through an interactive digital interface.
However, this feature will not be implemented in domestic polling stations due to concerns over potential delays. Given the large number of voters per precinct in the Philippines, enabling touchscreen voting nationwide could significantly slow down the voting process and create logistical challenges.
- Direct and simultaneous result transmission
The ACMs also modernize election result transmission by sending data directly to multiple stakeholders in real time.
Unlike the previous system, which relied on a centralized transparency server, the new machines simultaneously transmit election results to Comelec, major political parties, election watchdogs, Congress, and media organizations.
This direct transmission aims to reduce the risk of tampering and speed up the reporting process.
- Cost efficiency
Despite the technological improvements, the new ACMs are slightly more affordable than their predecessors, with each unit priced at P149,000, compared to the P155,000 cost of Smartmatic’s VCMs.
Last year, as Miru Systems began delivering automated counting machines (ACMs) to the Philippines, the company assured the public of a glitch-free election in 2025, emphasizing that every aspect of the system had been automated and thoroughly tested.
“When [the ACMs] arrive in the Philippines, they undergo another round of hardware acceptance tests (HAT) and rigorous stress tests,” said Miru Systems Vice President for Overseas Sales Ken Cho.
“We’re very confident that we’re providing something beneficial for the people of the Philippines,” he added.
Becoming the voting machine provider
Miru Systems Co., Ltd., a South Korean company chosen by Comelec for the Philippines' 2025 elections, has earned a reputation for providing reliable electronic voting solutions since its establishment in 1999.
Known for its innovative technologies, Miru has supplied election systems to various countries, including Kyrgyzstan, Ecuador, Fiji, El Salvador, Russia, Iraq, Guinea, and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
Miru’s path to becoming the Philippines’ voting machine provider began almost a decade ago. In 2014, it attempted to bid for Comelec’s vote-counting machine contract but failed to submit its proposal in time due to challenges meeting the stringent requirements.
Years later, in March 2023, Miru participated in the Comelec technology summit, where it showcased its election systems and solutions tailored for overseas Filipino voters. This event boosted its visibility and positioned the company as a strong contender for the 2025 election automation contract.
The poll body formally initiated the procurement process for the 2025 automated election system in December 2023. During the initial bidding, Miru was the sole participant but was disqualified due to documentation issues.
A second round of bidding followed on January 8, 2024, with six companies expressing interest, but only Miru submitted a complete bid. This time, the company met all requirements, leading to Comelec’s unanimous decision on February 21, 2024, to award them the contract.
READ: Comelec, Miru ink P17.99 B pact for automated 2025 polls
To strengthen its bid, Miru entered into a joint venture with three Filipino companies: Integrated Computer Systems (ICS), St. Timothy Construction Corporation (STCC), and Centerpoint Solutions Technologies Inc. (CSTI).
However, in October 2024, STCC withdrew from the partnership amid concerns of a potential conflict of interest, following reports that one of its owners was considering running in the 2025 elections. Comelec later approved STCC’s exit from the joint venture.
After STCC’s withdrawal, Miru submitted an updated Net Financial Contracting Capacity (NFCC) document to Comelec, which was required as part of the procurement process.
According to Miru, ICS provided the necessary financial backing for the NFCC, ensuring the joint venture remained compliant and capable of fulfilling the contract terms. The company assured the poll body that the remaining partners in the joint venture could meet the agreement’s requirements, despite STCC’s departure.
Miru emphasized that while STCC contributed to the initial documentation, it did not provide financial support or play a role in the development of the electoral systems or machines.
"Even with STCC’s withdrawal, the [joint venture] remains to be 60 percent Filipino-owned, with the remaining partners keeping the previous shares of STCC," the South Korean firm said in a statement.
P18.8-B for May 2025 polls
Comelec’s Full Automation System with Transparency Audit/Count (FASTrAC) project represents a significant step toward in modernizing and enhancing transparency in the Philippine electoral process.
With a maximum budget of P18.83 billion allocated by the poll body, the project aims to deliver efficient and reliable elections in 2025. Miru Systems won the contract with a bid of P17.99 billion, saving the government approximately P840 million. The cost savings across key components of the project include:
- Automated counting machines (ACMs): Miru’s bid of P15.27 billion was nearly P937 million lower than Comelec’s P16.21 billion allocation.
- Election management system: Miru offered to supply this for P420.3 million, exactly matching the Comelec budget.
- Ballot printing and verification for 73.88 Million Voters: At P1.61 billion, this was P284 million less than the allocated P1.89 billion.
- 104,345 ballot boxes: Miru quoted P488.8 million, saving P11 million from Comelec’s P499.9 million budget.
- Consolidated canvassing system: Priced at P198.6 million, it was P25.3 million below the P223.9 million allocation.
By November 27, 2024, Miru completed the delivery of all 110,620 automated counting machines ahead of schedule, enabling early hardware acceptance tests and preparations for training.
READ: Comelec receives last batch of ACMs for 2025 polls
However, challenges emerged as the project progressed.
On January 27, 2025, the poll body announced a partial termination of its contract with Miru Systems to expedite the printing of ballots, which had experienced repeated delays.
Comelec Chair George Erwin Garcia explained that this decision aimed to ensure the completion of ballot printing by the April 14 deadline. The National Printing Office (NPO) was enlisted to assist Miru in fulfilling the printing of over 72 million ballots.
“Our contract with Miru will continue, but we have to remember that they were supposed to print the whole ballot,” Garcia said in a press conference.
“We need to partially terminate [the contract] so that they will only print what’s assigned to them based on the Comelec resolution,” he added.
READ: Comelec ‘partially terminates’ contract with election service provider
The printing process, which began on January 6, faced multiple delays due to temporary restraining orders (TROs) issued by the Supreme Court. These orders required the inclusion of certain senatorial aspirants previously declared as nuisance candidates.
To mitigate further delays, Comelec divided the printing tasks between Miru and the NPO. Miru's HP Printer was assigned to print 36,244,762 ballots, while the NPO's Canon Printer was tasked with producing 35,881,871 ballots. Both printers are expected to collectively produce 1.5 million ballots daily to meet the April 14 deadline.
“Our original timeline is April 14, and we should still be finished by April 14.In case we have to make an adjustment, we will think about it later. But in the meantime, we must and at all costs, finish printing by April 14,” Garcia said.
READ: Comelec says printing of ballots must be done ‘at all costs’ by April 14
Controversial track record?
Despite its successes, Miru has been mired in controversies stemming from its international operations, with allegations of electoral fraud and cybersecurity vulnerabilities.
During elections in Iraq and the Democratic Republic of Congo, significant issues with Miru’s systems were reported. In Iraq’s 2023 provincial elections, 70 percent of voting machines failed to transmit or record results accurately.
Similarly, in the DRC’s 2018 elections, 45 percent of polling stations experienced equipment malfunctions, prompting global observers to call the elections “a failure of technology.”
There were also allegations of corruption in the DRC, where election commission officials were accused of inflating contracts with Miru by as much as $100 million. These funds allegedly benefited a private company tied to the election commission head.
In a press conference, Miru Systems president Chung Jin Bok refuted these accusations, saying that they were orchestrated by losing candidates.
“For the elections, there are words of trouble especially (from) those who were on the losing side. And also for the news, there are many rumors that are coming out of the news which are not facts but are just rumors and they tend to be [duplicated],” Ching said through his translator.
On the other hand, Garcia acknowledged that the Special Bids and Awards Committee (SBAC) was aware of the controversies surrounding Miru Systems when it recommended awarding the contract to the South Korean firm.
However, he emphasized that the decision was based on credible endorsements the poll body received.
In an interview with Inquirer.net, Garcia explained that Comelec obtained certifications from the electoral commission of Congo and the UN [United Nations] for [the elections in] Iraq.”
Garcia said that these documents confirmed that Miru Systems performed well and with transparency during the elections in the two states.
Preparations underway
The 2025 elections will see 18,280 positions up for grabs, including 12 Senate seats, 254 congressional posts, and thousands of local government roles.
With over 68 million registered voters, the stakes are high. Miru’s technology is expected to address logistical challenges, especially in high-turnout precincts, where delays have historically caused voter frustration.
In preparation for the midterm polls, Comelec conducted mock elections in 30 barangays across various regions, including remote areas like Bontoc and Sagada in Mt. Province, and Jolo and Patikul in Sulu.
These mock polls aimed to familiarize teachers and voters with the new ACMs and to test the technology's effectiveness in areas with limited telecommunication signals.
Notably, in Sulu, the ACMs successfully transmitted voting results using Starlink satellite internet services, achieving a 100 percent transmission rate to canvassing centers and the Comelec main office in Manila.
Graphics by Ed Lustan/Inquirer.net. Sources: Comelec, INQUIRER.net news archive, ndi.org
(2025/01/31-10:17)
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- 01/03 05:40 ‘Chinese’ drone retrieved from Masbate waters piques Navy
- 01/03 05:19 As PBA enters 50th year, will four-point shot stay?
- 01/03 02:14 SEC drafts rules on crypto services
- 01/03 02:12 DigiPlus secures Brazil license
- 01/02 10:56 Filipino scientists made concrete blocks with coffee grounds
- 01/02 05:38 OSG: Pogo asset seizures, birth records purge next
- 01/02 05:32 Northern Luzon at risk of more quakes
- 01/02 05:25 PH ambassador to Hungary is latest Marcos appointee
- 01/02 05:21 Ecozone eyed as naval base site in Mindanao
- 01/02 02:15 IMF asks BSP to disclose info on balance sheet strategy
- 01/02 02:10 1st round of PH-Chile FTA talks set for March
- 01/01 22:45 Marbil vows ’tech-driven, apolitical’ PNP in 2025
- 01/01 18:15 PH Ambassador Romualdez to attend Trump inauguration – Palace
- 01/01 05:39 Budget critics: Veto still left ‘pork’ intact
- 12/31 12:06 OCD gears up for another Mt. Kanlaon eruption
- 12/31 05:40 Vice, gore: A peek into the sinister world of Pogo traffickers
- 12/31 05:35 Panfilo Lacson to gov’t: Brace for legal challenge vs 2025 budget
- 12/31 02:08 An upper middle-income nation by 2025? What PH is bound to lose
- 12/31 02:02 Philippine telcos ramp up cybersecurity efforts
- 12/30 14:56 ‘Broken from start’, UniTeam sees complete collapse
- 12/30 13:07 Marcos pays tribute to late former US President Jimmy Carter
- 12/30 09:33 Marcos signs P6.3 trillion 2025 national budget, vetoes P194 billion
- 12/30 05:20 Filipino booters look to clinch a first-ever Asean Cup finals berth
- 12/30 02:30 PH home prices contract for first time in 3 years
- 12/30 02:28 PH attracts net ‘hot money’ inflow of $96.59M in Nov
- 12/24 21:09 Watch out for crypto scams this Christmas – CICC
- 12/22 05:50 BFAR plane tells Chinese Navy: ‘Review your chart!’
- 12/22 05:38 AFP trusts President Marcos, system, says Brawner
- 12/22 05:30 Marcos, VP Duterte ratings down as poll reflects inflation woes
- 12/22 02:22 Woke but confused: Holidays leave adulting Filipinos financially bipolar
- 12/20 10:37 6 power projects endorsed for operating permits
- 12/20 05:52 Marcos: Let DOJ handle House move vs Rodrigo Duterte
- 12/20 05:48 PNP partners with TikTok vs online scams, exploitation
- 12/20 05:42 SC fires judge involved in wife’s illegal deals
- 12/20 05:34 3rd impeach rap filed vs VP Duterte; Leni Robredo ally an endorser
- 12/20 05:04 Golf club members join legal battle in Camp John Hay
- 12/20 02:24 Balance of payments deficit grew to widest in over 2 years
- 12/19 16:06 Sovereignty, accountability, and hope: Key Philippine stories of 2024
- 12/19 13:47 Blueleaf ramps up Laguna floating solar deployment
- 12/19 09:39 PH bracing for foreign bond comeback in H1 2025
- 12/19 09:22 Vietnam learns lesson about China aggression – everyone’s a target
- 12/19 05:42 8,000 foreign Pogo workers still in PH with tourist visas, says BI
- 12/19 05:30 House tags Duterte, et al. for ‘crimes against humanity’
- 12/19 04:32 ‘Decarbonizing’ PH a race against time – but ‘we should do it properly’
- 12/19 02:28 Marcos-Duterte clash to hurt economy – Fitch
- 12/19 02:12 Holiday online shopping fraud ‘alarmingly high’ in PH
- 12/18 12:58 Neda Board approves issuance of EO on PH-Korea free trade deal
- 12/18 10:13 Blockchain Game Alliance Report shows organic Web3 gaming growth
- 12/18 09:34 DepEd budget expose billions in unspent funds
- 12/18 09:12 Prisoner swap pacts with other nations eyed after Veloso’s return
- 12/18 05:50 House OKs bill that lets foreigners lease land for 99 years
- 12/18 05:10 PhilHealth P500-B fund investment questioned
- 12/17 14:13 DTI revising regulations for vape products
- 12/17 12:25 AFP: Yearend WPS resupply, Noche Buena delivery missions successful
- 12/17 10:05 Peza expects approved investments to rise by 10% in 2025
- 12/17 09:56 Shadowy uranium trade reaches PH, raises fear of ‘dirty bomb’
- 12/17 05:45 COA: 4,000 dead seniors still on PhilHealth database
- 12/17 05:35 SC: Suspension of single, pregnant teacher illegal
- 12/16 18:23 Marcos on current state of PH: We’re quite stable amid political noise
- 12/16 05:33 Island Cove’s jobless: The other side of the Pogo ban
- 12/15 17:47 Dolly de Leon says a celeb’s craft deserves more focus than personal life
- 12/15 05:50 Senate bill forfeits illegal Pogo assets in favor of gov’t
- 12/15 05:25 DBM opens e-market for gov’t suppliers
- 12/15 02:03 Engineers build innovative roof manufacturing business
- 12/14 09:25 AI solar boat cleans 2.5 million liters of river water daily
- 12/14 08:40 AI agents will become brand ambassadors in 'Agentic Era' – study
- 12/14 05:55 House panel: Ex-president Duterte center of grand criminal enterprise
- 12/14 05:30 SMNI duo ordered to pay TV journalist P2M in damages
- 12/14 04:40 Negros Occidental declares state of calamity after Kanlaon blast
- 12/13 12:48 Harvard opens access to 1 million books for training AI models
- 12/13 12:21 Marcos aims to make PH military a 'world-class force'
- 12/13 11:39 Philippines deports 2,300 Pogo workers to China, other Asian countries
- 12/13 10:01 Gov’t eyes more diversified external financing before losing ODA perks
- 12/13 08:55 Teacher uses this trick to check students’ AI homework
- 12/13 05:30 Seized Pogo properties pose next gov’t challenge
- 12/13 02:32 It’s final: BCDA regains control of John Hay
- 12/12 22:14 2 more PH nature reserves tagged of ‘international importance’
- 12/12 10:59 VP Sara Duterte wrong in saying DOJ is ‘biased’ in probing her – exec
- 12/12 09:14 AI’s real impact on the global economy
- 12/12 05:48 Fisherfolk to SC: Void Manila Bay reclamation works
- 12/11 17:30 VP Sara Duterte considering hiring private security force
- 12/11 15:09 Local identity fraud cases surged 119% this year — study
- 12/11 14:24 DA bans poultry from The Netherlands
- 12/11 14:10 PDEA raises alarm over marijuana's growing popularity as holidays near
- 12/11 11:38 Marcos vows to make overseas work a choice, not a necessity
- 12/11 11:14 Readers more likely to distrust news from AI articles – study
- 12/11 07:32 Pogo phaseout in full swing; only 17 remain
- 12/11 05:55 Marcos rules out warship deployment in West Philippine Sea
- 12/11 02:04 World Bank trims PH growth outlook
- 12/10 15:34 China’s acts of war in West PH Sea accelerating ecological ruin
- 12/10 10:18 LTO vows stricter regulation of motorcycle taxis
- 12/10 05:50 Secret fund use hits P10B; OVP outspends 4 security agencies
- 12/10 05:45 Over 100 kilos of uranium seized in Pasay, CDO and Mandaue
- 12/10 04:40 Thousands evacuated as Mt. Kanlaon erupts anew
- 12/10 02:11 PH emerges as hot spot for RE investments
- 12/09 08:00 105 y.o. saved from stroke through advanced procedure in The Medical City
- 12/09 05:55 Chinese vessel hits BFAR ship with laser six times
- 12/09 05:50 Kalookan bishop, drug war critic is PH 10th cardinal
- 12/09 04:35 Eastern Samar has ‘fastest’ economic growth in Eastern Visayas
- 12/08 02:04 Demand for first-class seats rising among Filipino jetsetters
